What are the symptoms of diabetes?

Clinicians and endocrinologists describe the symptoms of diabetes as a spectrum that ranges from subtle to life-threatening. The most common early signs include increased thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), and increased hunger (polyphagia). Patients may notice unexplained weight loss despite normal or increased eating, persistent fatigue, and blurred vision.

Skin changes such as slow-healing cuts or sores, frequent infections, and areas of darkened skin are also reported. Type 1 diabetes often presents rapidly, especially in children and young adults, with marked weight loss, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and, in severe cases, diabetic ketoacidosis — characterized by rapid breathing and a distinctive fruity breath. Type 2 diabetes typically develops more gradually; many people have no symptoms for years and are diagnosed during routine testing.

Peripheral neuropathy symptoms — numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands or feet — may develop over time, as may sexual dysfunction and gum disease. Clinical diagnosis is based on blood glucose measurements: a fasting plasma glucose of 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) or higher, a two-hour plasma glucose of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher during an oral glucose tolerance test, or a random plasma glucose of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher with symptoms.

Severe high blood sugar can lead to dehydration, confusion and coma; severe low blood sugar (often a treatment side effect) causes shakiness, sweating, palpitations and altered consciousness. Experts advise that anyone experiencing persistent symptoms or with risk factors such as overweight, family history, or high blood pressure seek prompt evaluation from a healthcare professional. Early detection improves outcomes; treatment options include lifestyle changes, oral medications, insulin, and coordinated chronic care. Clinicians recommend regular screening for adults over 45 and earlier for those with risk factors; pediatric screening is advised when symptoms or family history are present. Community education and access to care remain essential priorities.