What are common symptoms of depression?

This educational article summarizes common symptoms of depression, drawing on clinical expertise and peer-reviewed research to support accurate, trustworthy information. Clinicians and researchers note that depression affects mood, cognition, behavior, and physical functioning. Emotional symptoms commonly include persistent sadness, feelings of emptiness or hopelessness, irritability, and diminished interest or pleasure in once-enjoyed activities (anhedonia). Cognitive symptoms often involve difficulty concentrating, slowed thinking, indecisiveness, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.

Behavioral and interpersonal changes may include social withdrawal, reduced participation at work or school, disrupted routines, and neglect of responsibilities. Sleep disturbances are frequent: insomnia (difficulty falling or staying asleep) or hypersomnia (sleeping more than usual). Appetite and weight changes also occur, with some individuals losing appetite and weight and others experiencing increased appetite and weight gain. Physical complaints without clear medical cause — such as fatigue, aches, gastrointestinal upset, and slowed movements — are common.

Symptoms typically cause significant distress or impairment across occupational, educational, social, or family domains. Diagnostic guidance, including criteria used by mental health professionals, emphasizes duration (often at least two weeks for major depressive episodes) and the impact on daily functioning. Depression can co-occur with anxiety, substance use, medical illness, and other psychiatric conditions, complicating presentation and treatment needs.

Risk factors include prior episodes, family history, chronic stress, trauma, and certain medical conditions or medications. Early recognition and evaluation by a qualified mental health professional improve outcomes; evidence-based treatments include psychotherapy, medication, and lifestyle interventions. When suicidal thoughts or severe functional impairment are present, urgent assessment is essential. The article reflects clinical experience, empirical evidence, and professional standards to support safe, informed decisions. Readers seeking more specific guidance are encouraged to consult licensed clinicians, review current clinical guidelines, and consider support from trusted friends, family, or community resources during assessment and treatment planning and advocacy.